Language has been influenced by the people and the practices of those living within different cultures. Language would be defined as a means of understanding each other with either the written or the spoken word. Language is communication, either written or spoken which creates understanding between humans. Language consists of pre-set meanings for the written or spoken word. Language is a form of expression or communication between humans.

What is Culture?

Culture is defined by the behavior and activities of people, often within their Geographical boundaries. Culture would include language, art, music, mannerisms, religion, games, dress, rituals, law and belief.

What would be the relationship between Language and Culture

The effect that culture has on language is as old as the language and culture themselves.
Therefore, it would be assumed, that putting the two together would create a relationship whereby people could communicate with each other from where they are coming.

Symbols would have been the first means of communication.

Simple noises or grunts would have been next. These were transferred from one
That is simply to explain the elementary basis of how culture and language would meet
Taking into account that cultures have undergone many, many centuries of change, it would stand to reason that the languages would have done the same.

The world of language is said to be divided into 3.

1.    European and Asian
2.    Pacific and African
3.    American Indian

Each of the above families has had its own cultural traits. The language was shaped according to the speaking and understanding of each family. Phonetics became part of a tribe, understood explicitly by them. When examined there were many similarities between the different tribes, although not formally. Various factors varied between the tribes i.e Grammar, the order of words, the use of vowels, consonants and the tonal accent.  Different languages from the same region had many similarities, but at the same time had an identity of their own, their culture. It was these distinctions that helped evolve the respective languages over centuries.

Social traits, which are culture dependent, also influenced language in the way different genders or classes within the same tribe or race spoke to one another. Trade jargons were established in regions where there was business interaction.

The subject of Language and culture are not separable. They come hand in hand with each another since they are interwoven at every level. To speak is to assume a culture, and to know a culture is like knowing the language. Culture is a product of language as is language a product of culture. It is clear that culture enriches language.

With analysis of the relationship between culture and language, it becomes clear that culture affects dialect, grammar and literature. Comprehension and communication would be the result of culture, language understanding and interaction.

Lets consider how the world is becoming smaller. Due to internet and other communication as well travel and the fact that people are mingling all the time in every place, the world is literally becoming one. As a result, different languages from their respective cultures are bringing people together. This understandably would mean culture and language work together, since at the outset, the gap between men, families, and folk of different tribes, language was solely meant to be the means that bridged the gap.

Language no longer bridges the gap…… it has closed the gap and is the important means of communication.

How Dyslexia affects a person.

Dyslexia creates a problem in literacy and language skills, working memory, processing matters with speed, the automatic development of skills and other areas of writing, reading and absorbing matter. The individual is usually proficient in other fields, but would require special specific intervention attention regarding the area of the brain that affects the reading and writing skills.
It appears to be an accepted assumption or concept that Dyslexia is a function of reading in reversed order.

Example

Was → saw… 9→6    (reversal problems of letters and words) on---no

The letters ‘p’ and ‘b’ are often mistaken, as is ‘q’ and ‘d’
This problem goes deeper than simply reading letters backwards. Recognizing letters and learning them and their order to make a word creates a problem with dyslectics.

Recognizing the Problem.

When we are aware that a person is smart enough to be able to learn to read, but we "can't" figure out why he doesn't read, we are on the way to understanding and recognizing that there is a problem.

Factors that determine a Dyslectic.

The mind of a dyslectic often works in favor of pictures as opposed to words.
A good example of this is Walt Disney who opened a world to children, taking advantage of his dyslexia and putting emphasis on his drawing application.
It has been proven that a gene (chromosome #6) is a contributing factor for dyslexia. This is a gene that is hereditary and therefore appears that dyslexia would run in the family. (heredity)

Symptoms of Dyslexia

At the nursery school age, children find it difficult to remember and learn the nursery rhymes since they have difficulties with auditory memory. There are those with visual memory and processing would create a more severe form of dyslexia. Difficulty with perception of sounds is known as phonological dyslexia.
The child may be a late speaker, or have a problem picking up speech and language.
There is also the Dyslectic whose brain is affected in the mathematic area.

Possible Problems that could be Created.

At the school level, Dyslexia can cause a child to feel inadequate and lack self confidence. This comes about due to the time it will take the dyslectic to understand a written article as opposed to a regular learner. Making a connection between the written word, the sound that the dyslectic hears, the image they conjure and the picture they see. These factors can become jumbled.
Reading is a not unlike the act of riding a bike: a lot of practice, concentration, and at the end of the day, the act becomes second nature and automatic. The focus can then be placed on comprehending what has been learnt. This could and should be the case with a typical child who has normal development.

Phonetic awareness is one of the first things that children learn and if this is not integrated by a child at an early age, they will have difficulty with relationships between letters and sounds and will not be capable of transferring the letter to the sound. This will hamper the child with many aspects of language development.

Though there is a difference in the analyses of dyslexia in the eyes of the physicians and the psychologists, there is a consensus of opinion that dyslexia is found in people who have not been exposed to sufficient instruction of reading and commanding the language. They are generally people of normal intelligence.

The ratio in men and women is 8-1 of dyslectic individuals.

Dyslexia can be divided into groups:

Literal Dyslexia:

this is also know as “letter Blindness” – reading letters in the upper and lower case, together with matching the sounds:
Example:
Make – kame,  side  - dice

Phonological Dyslexia:
Here, the dyslexic can read and recognize a word in a specific context, but will not recognize the same word in another context.

Neglect Dyslexia:
This does not refer to the neglect of the condition, but that the dyslectic will only see half of a written word. Neglects to see the word as a whole.
Example:
“alphabetically” could be seen as “betically” a problem which is often seen with long words.

Semantic Dyslexia:
This occurrence is when the dyslectic expects to see a word and reads it as the antonym or association of words as in animals, could see the word dog and read fox.  This is related to word expectation.

Function words as in of, an, and, are not even noticed and the result is that sentence has no meaning.

Spelling Dyslexia.
In Spelling Dyslexia, a dyslectic all types of words can be a problem and trouble will be found with identifying individual letters. Needless to say, their reading will be very slow. Some dyslexics tend to read words, one letter at a time, even if they are short and familiar.  Dyslectics tend to read letters and not a word as a whole.

Pure Dyslexia:
In this case of Dyslexia, the person does not have dysgraphia, (which is a writing impairment).
This creates a problem with writing letters and words, difficulty grasping meanings of words, difficulty with integrating the sounds of letters and to add to the problem, the person has problems pronouncing unfamiliar words.

The above would create the biggest challenge and problem for education and long term work.

In Dyslexia Without Dysgraphia, (a disability to write) a person has problem in reading but not in writing. Sometimes, it is referred to as, "Pure Dyslexia." Some have trouble doing written arithmetic because they have to read the text and the numbers, but the same people may not have any problem in dealing with figures orally. Dyslexia without Dysgraphia may never be identified, because, to confuse matters, a person may have a nearly normal oral language and, his or her writing and oral spelling may be virtually unimpaired.
Therefore, the conclusion that we can come to is that there are many types of dyslectics and they are not created equal. A careful analysis must be carried out to help a reader, as early in life as possible.

WhiteSmoke has a dyslexia software application designed to help dyslexics with writing and spelling difficulties.

Merriam Webster Dictionary is actually much more than a simple dictionary. It does contain a very good dictionary but the site also includes an online thesaurus, links to Word games, a free toolbar that allows you to search for words while you are surfing and a site dedicated to children, called Merriam Webster for Kids that takes you to their site called Word Central.

Yourdictionary.com is a comprehensive site that also includes a great dictionary and thesaurus. It also features audio pronunciations of words, has word games that are excellent learning tools and single word translation is available for many languages. It does not have a toolbar and the numbers of adverts can be distracting at times.

Onelook Dictionary is a site that doesn’t appear to be much at first. While it does not offer audio pronunciation, this site does search multiple dictionary databases to give you a list of definitions for you to choose from; very useful when you need more than one definition of a word. One feature that does come in very handy is their reverse dictionary. Simply describe the word an their database returns a list of words that fit that description. Excellent for finding that word right on the tip of your tongue.

Webster´s Online Dictionary comes across like Onelook dictionary as being very basic but it gets right down to its main business of searching for words. No games or audio here but it is handy and simple to use. Simply double click on any word on their site and it automatically gives you the definition. There is also a very useful crossword helper.
Acronymfinder.com isn’t really a free online dictionary but is can be very useful for finding the words you need by looking up acronyms.

Take your pick, they are all free, easy to use, and finding one to meet your specific needs is as easy as point and click. Good searching.

When grammar software encounters problems they will give suggestions on repairing the problem, giving the user the choice as to which solution is best for their document, or simply ignore the problem. Depending on how your software works you may have to either right or left click. Grammar checking software works by comparing the grammar used in a specific sentence against the established grammar rules of the chosen language programmed into the checker itself.

The system works in essentially the same manner as spelling checkers which compare words in the text to data held in the checkers dictionary file. But with grammar checking software the checking is a bit more in-depth. Besides spelling it has to consider things like verb tense and fragmented sentences. Grammar checkers are unable to go any further than the rules that have been set for them and sometimes do not recognize incorrect sentences while marking correct ones. If you know you are correct simply click ignore.

Most grammar software offers the option to create new grammar rules, but not all. This process is a bit more complicated than adding new entries to a spelling checkers dictionary, a feature that is not available with all spell checkers. As there are numerous subtleties to all languages and the grammar checker has limitations to its interpretation of the rules, similar grammar construct may still be recognized as erroneous even after a new rule has been established.

If you are a professional writer your work needs to be accurate and fast. If your grammar checker only catches 90% of the mistakes you might make it can save you an enormous amount of time proofreading and correcting later. And if you are simply writing a letter to grandma? Well, having it sound like you actually listened in English class is gift enough, right?

The root ambi means “on both sides”. 
Ambiguous = unclear, vague, unspecified, open to many interpretations
Ambivalent = torn between two sides; inability to make a choice due to the desire to do two conflicting things at the same time

Ambiguous

It is uncommon for ambiguous to describe a person.  The word “ambiguous” is more likely attributed to a person’s words, instructions, directions, etc.  These words/instructions/directions may be unclear and open to several interpretations, causing them to be vague.

 
Our teacher’s assignment was completely ambiguous; we all had trouble figuring out exactly what she wanted from us.

Ambiguity (the noun form of “ambiguous”) can be a powerful tool, working both for and against whoever is aware of its existence.
It can be especially problematic in the field of law, where the ambiguity of laws or text significantly affects the outcomes of cases.  Lawyers commonly argue about the ambiguity of a law to further their own causes.  This is accomplished by several ways, one of which requires an examination of context – the way the law was originally intended, and how the current situation (or, the case) maps onto that intention.  

Ambiguity can be a positive in both literature and humor.  Many jokes rely on the ambiguity of words – words that have two meanings, based on context.  Puns are a type of joke favored by Shakespeare, who is famous for creating literature with layers of meaning and interpretation.

Ambivalent

Remember – ambi comes from the Latin for “both”.  Valence comes from the Latin root for “strength”.  Someone is ambivalent when he/she has strong feelings for something, but the feelings are opposed to one another.  For example, simultaneously loving and hating someone.  A person is ambivalent when the choice between two things is not possible because he/she keeps changing his/her mind.

Some popular phrases associated with ambivalence:

• love/hate relationship
• torn between a rock and a hard place
• sitting on the fence
• mixed feelings

Lisa could not decide how she felt about the wedding cake; it tasted divine but was extremely expensive.  She grew ambivalent – she wanted the cake and hated it at the same time.

Ambivalence (the noun form of “ambivalent”) is not to be confused with indifference.  Indifference implies a lack of desire – someone has indifference to a decision that does not matter to him or her.  Ambivalence, however, implies a great deal of caring, to the point that the person cannot make a decision.  
Ambivalence has significance in the field of psychology.  An ambivalent person has an internal conflict – he/she has feelings about someone or something that are at battle.  The simultaneous love and hatred toward one’s mother is a popular Freudian concept.  This entails a description of the coinciding attraction and repulsion toward one’s mother, in a struggle for dependence versus independence.  This emotion can be applied to money – many people have a love/hate relationship with money, as it represents both good and bad.